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Types of Political Participation
from Verba and Nie, Participation in America, 1972
| Type of Participant |
Pattern of activity |
Orientations |
Main social types |
| inactives 22% |
no activities |
uninvolved; no interest, no skills |
lower SES, black, young, old, women |
| voting specialists 21% |
vote regularly |
high partisan; low skills |
lower SES, old, urban |
| parochial participants (4%) |
seek officials on their interests |
information skills; no other activity |
lower SES, urban, white, Catholic |
| communalists 20% |
contact officials; vote regularly |
skilled, able; strong sense of community |
high SES, not urban, white, Prot. |
| campaigners 15% |
high vote; active in campaigns |
skilled, able; partisan |
high SES, urban, black, Catholic |
| complete activists 11% |
active in all ways |
skilled, able; wide activity |
high SES, middle-aged |
| unclassified (7%) |
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updated Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2001 11:35 AM